White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
10⁹/LThe total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
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Every marker below is read against optimal ranges — not just the lab reference band — and explained by a clinician on your results call.
The total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
How many red blood cells you have carrying oxygen around your body.
Why it matters
Low counts mean less oxygen reaching your tissues, which is felt as breathlessness and fatigue.
The iron-containing protein in red cells that actually carries oxygen.
Why it matters
The defining measure of anaemia, and one of the most common explanations for unexplained tiredness.
The proportion of your blood made up of red cells, by volume.
Why it matters
Read with haemoglobin to distinguish true anaemia from simple dehydration.
The average size of your red blood cells.
Why it matters
Small cells point to iron deficiency; large cells point to B12 or folate. It tells us where to look next.
The average amount of haemoglobin inside each red cell.
Why it matters
Supports MCV in separating the different causes of anaemia.
How concentrated the haemoglobin is within each red cell.
Why it matters
Helps identify specific red-cell disorders that the other indices can miss.
How much your red blood cells vary in size.
Why it matters
Often the earliest abnormal marker in developing iron deficiency, before any other value shifts.
The cell fragments that let your blood clot.
Why it matters
Too few risks bleeding, too many risks clotting — and either can flag a problem in the bone marrow.
The average size of your platelets.
Why it matters
Larger platelets are younger and more active, giving a clue about how fast they are being produced.
The immune cells that handle viruses and long-term immunity.
Why it matters
Typically raised in viral infection and suppressed by chronic stress.
Immune cells that clear debris and support longer-running immune responses.
Why it matters
Persistently raised counts can point to chronic inflammation.
The immune cells that respond first to bacterial infection.
Why it matters
High counts suggest bacterial infection or stress; very low counts leave you vulnerable to infection.
Immune cells involved in allergy and parasitic infection.
Why it matters
A raised count often points to underlying allergy, asthma or eczema.
The rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Why it matters
Rarely abnormal alone, but useful as part of the full immune picture.
The protein fraction that includes your antibodies.
Why it matters
Raised levels can indicate chronic infection or inflammation; low levels suggest weakened immunity.
All the protein circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Read with albumin to separate liver problems from immune or kidney causes.
The yellow pigment produced as old red blood cells are broken down.
Why it matters
Mildly raised levels are often harmless Gilbert's syndrome; higher levels need investigating.
A liver enzyme released into the blood when liver cells are stressed or damaged.
Why it matters
The most specific routine marker of liver strain — commonly raised by fatty liver, alcohol or medication.
An enzyme from the liver, bile ducts and bone.
Why it matters
Raised levels point either to a bile-flow problem or to active bone turnover.
An enzyme found in the liver, heart and muscle.
Why it matters
Read against ALT, the ratio between them helps distinguish liver causes from muscle causes.
A liver enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol and bile duct problems.
Why it matters
The most responsive marker to alcohol intake, and a useful check on liver recovery.
The main electrolyte controlling fluid balance in your body.
Why it matters
Abnormal levels affect blood pressure and brain function, and can flag kidney or hormonal problems.
The mineral behind bone strength, muscle contraction and nerve signalling.
Why it matters
Tightly controlled by your body, so abnormal levels usually point to a parathyroid, kidney or vitamin D problem.
Your calcium adjusted for albumin level.
Why it matters
A truer reading than total calcium when protein levels are abnormal.
An electrolyte essential for heart rhythm and muscle function.
Why it matters
Both high and low levels affect the heart directly, which makes it one of the more urgent results.
An electrolyte that works with sodium to maintain fluid and acid balance.
Why it matters
Helps identify the cause when acid-base balance is disturbed.
The main protein your liver makes, holding fluid inside your blood vessels.
Why it matters
A good measure of longer-term liver function and nutritional state.
A mineral involved in muscle function, nerve signalling and energy production.
Why it matters
Low magnesium contributes to cramps, palpitations and poor sleep, and often accompanies high sugar intake.
A waste product from protein breakdown, cleared by the kidneys.
Why it matters
Rises with dehydration and high protein intake as well as kidney problems, so it is read alongside creatinine.
The pituitary's signal telling your thyroid how much hormone to produce.
Why it matters
The most sensitive early marker of thyroid trouble. TSH shifts before T4 and T3 do, and before most people notice symptoms.
Total glycated haemoglobin, the basis for the HbA1c calculation.
Why it matters
The raw laboratory value behind your average-glucose result.
Average blood sugar over two to three months, expressed as a percentage.
Why it matters
The same measure as HbA1c in different units — useful for comparing with older results or non-European labs.
The cholesterol carried by low-density lipoproteins, the particles that deposit cholesterol into artery walls.
Why it matters
LDL is the single most modifiable driver of heart disease. Lowering it years before symptoms is one of the most effective things you can do.
Total cholesterol minus HDL — everything left that can contribute to plaque.
Why it matters
A better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone, because it captures every artery-damaging particle in one number.
The cholesterol carried by high-density lipoproteins, which transport it away from the arteries back to the liver.
Why it matters
Higher is generally protective. A low HDL alongside high triglycerides often points to insulin resistance rather than diet alone.
The total amount of cholesterol carried in your blood, combining the LDL, HDL and other fractions.
Why it matters
On its own it is a blunt number — the split between LDL and HDL matters far more, which is why we always read it alongside them.
Your total cholesterol divided by your HDL, expressing the balance between the two.
Why it matters
A cleaner risk signal than either number alone, and one of the values most responsive to changes in diet and activity.
The main form of fat circulating in your blood, mostly from what you eat and what your liver produces.
Why it matters
Raised triglycerides are an early sign that your body is struggling to handle sugar and refined carbohydrate — often before glucose looks abnormal.